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Servers list the Minecraft versions they accept. Many Java servers run a proxy such as ViaVersion, so they let several client versions join at once.
For most players the answer is the newest release: the largest number of servers accept it, and proxies on older servers usually translate it for you. Choose an older version only when you want a specific experience, such as 1.8 combat for PvP or a modpack that is built for one release.
In the Minecraft Launcher you can switch versions under Installations. Bedrock Edition always runs the current release, so the versions on this page apply to Java Edition.